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Effectiveness of management for yips in sports: A systematic review.

Koya Mine, Kenta Ono, Nobuhito Tanpo

Yips is generally described as a spectrum of psychoneuromuscular movement disorders during specific sporting tasks. To date, no single systematic review has been produced with regard to effective management for this difficult condition. The purpose of this systematic review was to collect and examine primary research examining the effectiveness of management for yips. Seven electronic databases were searched. Primary studies investigating any interventions for yips symptoms were included. The McMaster Critical Review Form was used to evaluate the methodological quality of included studies. Twelve papers with low levels of evidence were included. Overall study quality was low. We found limited evidence to support the positive effects of motor imagery for golfers with type I yips. There was virtually no formal evidence to support or negate medications, botulinum toxin injections, pre-performance routines and other interventions for yips. Therefore, no definitive conclusion can be made with regard to the effectiveness of any management for yips. Future studies with better methodological rigor are required to inform athletes, coaches and clinician.