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Theoretical representation of substitution reactions.

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When one functional group in a chemical molecule is replaced by another functional group, it is called a substitution reaction (also known as a single displacement reaction or a single substitution reaction). Substitution reactions are particularly essential in organic chemistry. Substitution reactions are classified as electrophilic or nucleophilic depending on the reagent employed, whether a reactive intermediate in the reaction is a carbocation, a carbanion, or a free radical, and if the substrate is aliphatic or aromatic. The ability to forecast the reaction’s product outcome is aided by a thorough understanding of the reaction type. It may also be used to optimise a temperature and solvent selection reaction.